what is echolen
Approximate solutions to a simple multi- echelon inventory problem
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The multi- echelon inventory problem is concerned with the determination of optimal purchasing and trans-shipment rules for a single item which maybe stocked at several installations and whose use is subject to stochastic variability. The problem is a sequential
Computational procedures for stochastic multi- echelon production systems
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This paper is concerned with the numerical evaluation of multi- echelon production systems. Each stage requires a fixed predetermined leadtime; furthermore, we assume a stochastic, stauonary eLd. tlmc demand process. In a previous paper, we have developed an analytical
Supply and demand uncertainty in multi- echelon supply chains
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This paper explores the differences between demand and supply uncertainty in multi- echelon supply chains. Our central premise is that the insights gained from the study of one type of uncertainty often do not apply to the other. In fact, the two types of uncertainty are in a
Comparison of echelon stock and installation stock policies for two-level inventory systems
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It is previously known that echelon stock reorder point policies dominate installation stock reorder point policies for serial and assembly multi-level inventory systems. This paper presents worst case results for the relative cost difference in case of constant demand and
Inside Echelon
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Since 199 much has been written and spoken about the so-called Echelon system of international communications surveillance. Most of what has been written has been denied or ignored by US and European authorities. But much of what has been written has also
En echelon features of Icelandic ground fissures
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En echelon ground fissures, especially the azimuthal dependence of their sense of strike- slip displacement, were studied in two areas in southwest ICeland. The en echelon fissures, together with graben topography and eruptive fissures, are interpreted as the manifestationSea-floor topography in the Pacific is mainly aligned with original spreading directions but is overprinted by alignments created by mid-plate processes. Spreading produces abyssal hills and fracture zones, and mid-plate volcanism generates seamounts, isolated or in
Clustering-based heuristics for the two- echelon vehicle routing problem
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The Two- Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem (2E-VRP) is an extension of the classical VRP where the delivery from a single depot to customers is managed by routing and consolidating the freight through intermediate depots called satellites. We presented several
Distribution planning for a divergent N- echelon network without intermediate stocks under service restrictions
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In this paper we discuss a periodic review control policy for general N- echelon distribution networks without batch size or capacity constraints. Only stockpoints at the end of the network are allowed to hold stock, whereas the intermediate stockpoints act as pure
Location-routing models for designing a two- echelon freight distribution system
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In this paper, we address the decision problem of designing a two- echelon freight distribution system for an urban area. The scope of the paper is twofold. At first it describes a two-level distribution system focusing on its structure, components and related decision
The two- echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem
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Multi- echelon distribution systems are quite common in supply-chain and logistic systems. They are used by public administrations in their transportation and traffic planning strategies as well as by companies to model their distribution systems. Unfortunately, the literature on
Two echelon supply chain model for deteriorating items with effective investment in preservation technology
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The objective of this study is to develop a model for a two echelon supply chain, in which retailers demand is seasonal with expiration date and he invests on the preservation technology to reduce the rate of product deterioration. This paper examines consumers
Echelon : Americas secret global surveillance network
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In the greatest surveillance effort ever established, the US National Security Agency (NSA) has created a global spy system, codename ECHELON , which captures and analyzes virtually every phone call, fax, email and telex message sent anywhere in the world
Echelon
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Multi-function control with adjustable seat, back. Height adjustable, breathable mesh back. 4 vertical range on back. Defined contoured lumbar area. Seat slider. 1900 comfort molded tractor seat Managers High Back (Model 193): 21 wx 24 h Medium
The organizational leadership of the post baby boom generation: An upper echelon theory approach
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Organizations entering into the new global economy of the 21st century face challenges and threats never before experienced. Researchers have predicted that the key to success in this new era of globalization lies in the organizational leaders ability to provide strategic
Upper echelon theory revisited: The relationship between CEO personal characteristics and financial leverage decision
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From the upper echelons perspective, we investigate the financial leverage decision of publicly listed companies in Bursa Malaysia for the period from 2002 to 2011. Using pooled OLS and fixed-effect regressions, we examine the impacts of CEO personal characteristics
Stock allocation in a two- echelon distribution network under service constraints
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Consideration is given to a two- echelon distribution network focusing on the detennination of cost optimal stocknonns under service level constraints. The network we study allows holding stock at both echelons and implements periodic review order-up-to-S policies at
Multi- echelon distribution systems in city logistics
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In the last decades, the increasing quality of services requested by the cust omer, yields to the necessity of optimizing the whole distribution process. This goal be achieved through a smart exploitation of existing resources other than a clever planning of the whole
Location-routing models for two- echelon freight distribution system design
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In this paper, we address the decision problem of designing a two- echelon freight distribution system. The problem is modeled as a two- echelon location-routing problem, which arises when considering, within the same decision process, the location of facilities on
Tabu search heuristic for a two- echelon location-routing problem
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In this paper we tackle a two- echelon location-routing problem (2E-LRP) by a tabu search metaheuristic. The aim is to define the location and number of two kinds of capacitated facilities, the size of two different vehicle fleets and the related routes on each echelon . The CSE PROJECTS