free research papers-wireless-ZIGBEE technology-recent


ZigBee technology is a low data rate, low power consumption, low cost, wireless networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control applications. IEEE 802.15.4 committee started working on a low data rate standard a short while later. Then the ZigBee Alliance and the IEEE decided to join forces and ZigBee is the commercial name for this technology. ZigBee is expected to provide low cost and low power connectivity for equipment that needs battery life as long as several months to several years but does not require data transfer rates as high as those enabled by Bluetooth. In addition, ZigBee can be implemented in mesh networks larger than is possible with Bluetooth. ZigBee compliant wireless devices are expected to transmit 10-75 meters, depending on the RF environment and the power output consumption required for a given application, and will operate in the unlicensed RF worldwide(2.4GHz global, 915MHz Americas or 868 MHz Europe). The data rate is 250kbps at 2.4GHz, 40kbps at 915MHz and 20kbps at 868MHz.IEEE and ZigBee Alliance have been working closely to specify the entire protocol stack. IEEE 802.15.4 focuses on the specification of the lower two layers of the protocol(physical and data link layer). On the other hand, ZigBee Alliance aims to provide the upper layers of the protocol stack (from network to the application layer) for interoperable data networking, security services and a range of wireless home and building control solutions, provide interoperability compliance testing, marketing of the standard, advanced engineering for the evolution of the standard. This will assure consumers to buy products from different manufacturers with confidence that the products will work together. IEEE 802.15.4 is now detailing the specification of PHY and MAC by offering building blocks for different types of networking known as ”star, mesh, and cluster tree”. Network routing schemes are designed to ensure power conservation, and low latency through guaranteed time slots. A unique feature of ZigBee network layer is communication redundancy eliminating ”single point of failure” in mesh networks. Key features of PHY include energy and link quality detection, clear channel assessment for improved coexistence with other wireless networks. A ZigBee system consists of several components. The most basic is the device. A device can be a full-function device (FFD) or reducedfunction device (RFD). A network shall include at least one FFD, operating as the PAN coordinator. The FFD can operate in three modes: a personal area network (PAN) coordinator, a coordinator or a device. An RFD is intended for applications that are extremely simple and do not need to send large amounts of data. An FFD can talk to RFDs or FFDs while an RFD can only talk to an FFD.



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