Introduction to Remote Sensing IEEE PAPER, IEEE PROJECT

title
INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING

nidhi sharma
#Electronics and communication engineering, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
Paschim Vihar East New Delhi, India
nidhi.sharma-coend@bvp.edu.in

Abstract—Remote sensing is a technique to observe the earth surface or the atmosphere from out of space using satellites (space borne) or from the air using aircrafts (airborne). Remote sensing uses a part or several parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. It records the electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted by the earth’s surface. The amount of radiation from an object (called radiance) is influenced by both the properties of the object and the radiation hitting the object (irradiance). The human eyes register the solar light reflected by these objects and our brains interpret the colours, the grey tones and intensity variations. In remote sensing various kinds of tools and devices are used to make electromagnetic radiation outside this range from 400 to 700 nm visible to the human eye, especially the near infrared, middle-infrared, thermal-infrared and microwaves.
Remote sensing imagery has many applications in mapping land-use and cover, agriculture, soils mapping, forestry, city planning, archaeological investigations, military observation, and geomorphological surveying, land cover changes, deforestation, vegetation dynamics, water quality dynamics, urban growth, etc. This paper starts with a brief historic overview of remote sensing and then explains the various stages and the basic aspects of remote sensing and geographic information systems technology.

Index Terms—Keywords: Remote sensing, EMS & Radiation, Spectral reflectance curve, Platform and sensors.

I. INTRODUCTION
Remote sensing (RS), also called earth observation, refers to obtaining information about objects or areas at the Earth’s surface without being in direct contact with the object or area. Humans accomplish this task with aid of eyes or by the sense of smell or hearing; so, remote sensing is day-today business for people. Reading the newspaper, watching cars driving in front of you are all remote sensing activities. Most sensing devices record information about an object by measuring an object’s transmission of electromagnetic energy from reflecting and radiating surfaces.
Remote sensing techniques allow taking images of the earth surface in various wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). One of the major characteristics of a remotely sensed image is the wavelength region it represents in the EMS. Some of the images represent reflected solar radiation in the visible and the near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, others are the measurements of the energy emitted by the earth surface itself i.e. in the thermal infrared wavelength region. The energy measured in the microwave region is the measure of relative return from the earth’s surface, where the energy is transmitted from the vehicle itself. This is known as active remote sensing, since the energy source is provided by the remote sensing platform. Whereas the systems where the remote sensing measurements depend upon the external energy source, such as sun are referred to as passive remote sensing systems.

A. Principles of Remote Sensing

Detection and discrimination of objects or surface features means detecting and recording of radiant energy reflected or emitted by objects or surface material (Fig. 1). Different objects return different amount of energy in different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, incident upon it. This depends on the property of material (structural, chemical, and physical), surface roughness, angle of incidence, intensity, and wavelength of radiant energy.
The Remote Sensing is basically a multi-disciplinary science which includes a combination of various disciplines such as optics, spectroscopy, photography, computer, electronics and telecommunication, satellite launching etc. All these technologies are integrated to act as one complete system in itself, known as Remote Sensing System. There are number of stages in a Remote Sensing process, and each of them is important for successful operation.

B. Basic Processes in Remote Sensing
1. Data acquisition (energy propagation, platforms)
2. Processing (conversion of energy pattern to images)
3. Analysis (quantitative and qualitative analysis)
4. Accuracy assessment (radiometric and geometric correction)
5. Information distribution to users

INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING
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nidhi sharma
#Electronics and communication engineering, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
Paschim Vihar East New Delhi, India



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